Botanical Name

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Latin Name

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Plant or Common Name

Mugwort, Armoise [Fr.], Common Wormwood, Felon herb

Family:

Asteraceae

Native Region:

Artemisia vulgaris has a wide native distribution across:

• Europe
• Northern Africa
• Asia (including Siberia, Japan, and parts of China)

It has been naturalized in many other parts of the world, including:

• North America
• South America
• New Zealand

The plant is adaptable and can be found in various habitats, including:

• Waste places
• Roadsides
• River banks
• Coastal areas
• Disturbed soils

Chemical Constituents:

• Essential oils (1, 8cineole, camphor, α and βthujone)
• Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol)
• Coumarins
• Triterpenes
• Sesquiterpene lactones
• Polyacetylenes
• Phenolic acids

Actions:

• Emmenagogue
• Carminative
• Antispasmodic
• Nervine
• Mild sedative
• Bitter tonic
• Diaphoretic
• Diuretic

Energetics:

Warming and drying

Part of Plant Used:

Leaves, flowering tops, and occasionally roots

Harvesting Guidelines and any sustainability issues:

• Harvest leaves and flowering tops just before or at the beginning of flowering
• Cut stems about 6 inches from the top
• Sustainably abundant in most areas; can be invasive in some regions

Pliny the Elder ~ Plin. Nat. 26.13 ~ 77 CE

CHAP. 13.—THE PLANT CALLED BELLIS: TWO REMEDIES.
~ Bellis is the name of a plant that grows in the fields, with a white flower somewhat inclining to red; if this is applied with artemisia [mugwort], it is said, the remedy is still more efficacious. ~

Uses (Traditional, Modern, Scientific Research):

• Traditional: Menstrual irregularities, digestive issues, anxiety, insomnia
• Modern: Appetite stimulant, digestive aid, mild sedative
• Scientific Research: Potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties; studies on effects on diabetes and obesity

Specific Indications or Affinities:

• Reproductive system (menstrual irregularities, menopausal symptoms)
• Digestive system (flatulence, indigestion, poor appetite)
• Nervous system (mild anxiety, insomnia)

Types of Preparations:

• Infusion (tea)
• Tincture
• Essential oil (diluted)
• Dried herb (smoking blend)
• Poultice
• Dream pillow

Recipes:

1. Mugwort Tea: Steep 12 teaspoons of dried mugwort in a cup of boiling water for 1015 minutes. Strain and drink up to 3 times daily.
2. Mugwort Dream Pillow: Fill a small cloth bag with dried mugwort leaves and place inside your pillowcase.
3. Mugwort Tincture: Combine 1 part dried mugwort with 5 parts 40% alcohol. Macerate for 24 weeks, strain.

Contraindications:

• Pregnancy (due to emmenagogue effects)
• Breastfeeding
• Individuals with known allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family
• Epilepsy or seizure disorders

Side Effects:

• Generally safe when used in appropriate doses
• Potential for allergic reactions
• Large doses may cause nausea, vomiting, or headaches
• May cause vivid dreams or sleep disturbances

Interactions with Other Drugs:

• May interact with anticoagulant medications
• Potential interaction with diabetes medications
• May affect the metabolism of drugs processed by liver enzymes

Dosage:

• Tea: 12 teaspoons of dried herb per cup of boiling water, up to 3 times daily
• Tincture: 24 mL of 1:5 tincture, up to 3 times daily

Mode of Administration:

• Internal: Tea, tincture
• External: Essential oil (diluted), poultice
• Aromatherapy: Dream pillow

Duration of Administration:

• Shortterm use (12 weeks) is generally recommended
• Longterm use should be under professional guidance

Safety/Risks:

• Contains thujone, which can be neurotoxic in large amounts
• Potential for allergic reactions
• May cause photosensitivity in some individuals
• Not recommended for longterm use without professional supervision

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References:

Yarnell, E., & Abascal, K. (2011). “Botanical Medicine for Women’s Health.” Churchill Livingstone.

Bone, K., & Mills, S. (2013). Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy: Modern Herbal Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Lee, S. J. et al. (2015). “Artemisia vulgaris and Its Dextrin Complex Prevent HighFat DietInduced Obesity and Insulin Resistance in C57BL/6J Mice.” Journal of Medicinal Food, 18(3), 337345.

Judžentienė, A., & Buzelytė, J. (2006). “Chemical composition of essential oils of Artemisia vulgaris L. (mugwort) from North Lithuania.” Chemija, 17(1), 1215.

Chevallier, A. (2016). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine. DK Publishing.

Hoffmann, D. (2003). Medical Herbalism: The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Healing Arts Press.

Botanical Name

Bellis perennis L.

Latin Name

Bellis perennis L.

Plant or Common Name

English daisy, lawn daisy

Family:

Asteraceae

Native Region:

Bellis perennis is native to Europe and the British Isles. It has been naturalized in many other temperate regions around the world, including:

• North America
• New Zealand
• Australia
• Parts of Asia

The plant thrives in temperate climates and is commonly found in:

• Lawns
• Meadows
• Pastures
• Roadsides
• Open woodlands

Chemical Constituents:

• Saponins
• Flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin)
• Polyacetylenes
• Essential oils
• Tannins
• Mucilage
• Organic acids (malic, oxalic, tartaric)

Actions:

• Astringent
• Antiinflammatory
• Vulnerary (wound healing)
• Expectorant
• Mild analgesic
• Diuretic
• Antispasmodic

Energetics:

Cooling and slightly drying

Part of Plant Used:

Flowers, leaves, and occasionally roots

Harvesting Guidelines and any sustainability issues:

• Harvest flowers when fully open, preferably in the morning after dew has evaporated
• Collect leaves before flowering for best potency
• Sustainably abundant in most areas; not considered at risk

Uses (Traditional, Modern, Scientific Research):

• Traditional: Minor wounds, bruises, skin inflammation
• Modern: Cough suppressant, digestive aid, mild pain relief
• Scientific Research: Potential antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties; studies on wound healing and antimicrobial effects

Pliny the Elder ~ Plin. Nat. 26.13 ~ 77 CE

CHAP. 13.—THE PLANT CALLED BELLIS: TWO REMEDIES.
~ Bellis is the name of a plant that grows in the fields, with a white flower somewhat inclining to red; if this is applied with artemisia [mugwort], it is said, the remedy is still more efficacious. ~

Specific Indications or Affinities:

• Skin conditions (minor wounds, bruises, inflammation)
• Respiratory system (cough, bronchitis)
• Digestive system (mild gastritis, diarrhea)
• Musculoskeletal system (rheumatic pain)

Types of Preparations:

• Infusion (tea)
• Tincture
• Poultice
• Ointment
• Compress
• Syrup

Recipes:

1. Daisy Tea: Steep 12 teaspoons of dried daisy flowers in a cup of boiling water for 1015 minutes. Strain and drink up to 3 times daily.
2. Daisy Poultice: Crush fresh daisy flowers and leaves, apply directly to minor wounds or bruises, and cover with a clean cloth.
3. Daisy Syrup: Simmer 1 cup of daisy flowers in 2 cups of water for 20 minutes. Strain and add 1 cup of honey. Simmer until thickened.

Contraindications:

• Pregnancy (due to lack of safety data)
• Individuals with known allergies to plants in the Asteraceae family

Side Effects:

• Generally considered safe when used appropriately
• Rare cases of allergic reactions

Interactions with Other Drugs:

• Potential interaction with bloodthinning medications due to its mild bloodthinning effects
• May enhance the effects of diuretic drugs

Dosage:

• Tea: 12 teaspoons of dried herb per cup of boiling water, 3 times daily
• Tincture: 24 mL of 1:5 tincture, 3 times daily

Mode of Administration:

• Internal: Tea, tincture, syrup
• External: Poultice, ointment, or compress

Duration of Administration:

• For acute conditions: 12 weeks
• For chronic conditions: Up to 46 weeks, under professional guidance

Safety/Risks:

• Generally considered lowrisk when used appropriately
• Potential for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals
• Longterm use or high doses may cause gastric irritation

Return To: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References:

Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., & Brinckmann, J. (2000). Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications.

Wichtl, M. (2004). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers.

Basso, F. et al. (2018). “Bellis perennis L. (Daisy) extract promotes wound healing in HaCaT cells.” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 107, 13491356.

Karakas, F. P. et al. (2012). “The effects of Bellis perennis L. on skin infections.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 139(2), 562567.

Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications.

Botanical Name

Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr.

Latin Name

Boswellia serrata

Plant or Common Name

Indian Frankincense, Salai guggul, Indian Olibanum

Family

Burseraceae

Actions

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-arthritic, astringent, expectorant (Siddiqui, 2011)

Energetics

Warming, drying (Pole, 2013)

Chemical Constituents

• Boswellic acids (β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid)
• Essential oils (α-thujene, α-pinene, limonene)
• Pentacyclic triterpenes
• Tetracyclic triterpenes
• Polysaccharides

The boswellic acids, particularly acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), are considered the primary active compounds responsible for many of Indian frankincense’s biological activities (Ammon, 2006).

Part of Plant Used

Gum resin

Uses

• Supports healthy inflammatory response
• Promotes joint health
• Supports respiratory wellness
• Promotes digestive health
• Supports healthy skin function
• Promotes cognitive function

A comprehensive review by Togni et al. (2017) highlighted Indian frankincense’s potential in supporting various aspects of health, particularly in joint and inflammatory wellness.

Contraindications

• Pregnancy and lactation (due to insufficient safety data)
• Gastric or duodenal ulcers
• Scheduled surgery (within two weeks)

Side Effects

• Potential for mild gastrointestinal discomfort
• Nausea in some individuals
• Allergic skin reactions (rare)

While generally well-tolerated, these side effects have been noted in some individuals (Ernst, 2008).

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with anti-inflammatory preparations
• May interact with anticoagulant preparations
• May affect the metabolism of drugs processed by cytochrome P450 enzymes

Caution is advised when combining Indian frankincense with these types of preparations due to potential interactions (Abdel-Tawab et al., 2011).

Dosage

• Standardized extract (containing 30-65% boswellic acids): 300-500 mg, two to three times daily
• Gum resin: 1200-3000 mg daily, divided into three doses

Clinical studies have used a wide range of doses, typically 300-1200 mg of standardized extract daily for various applications (Siddiqui, 2011).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as capsules, tablets, or gum resin. Topical application in creams or ointments.

Duration of Administration

Can be used for 8-12 weeks continuously. For long-term use, consult with a qualified herbalist.

Risks

• Potential for increased bleeding risk at high doses
• May cause skin irritation in some individuals when applied topically
• Theoretical risk of interactions with certain medications

A review by Ernst (2008) emphasized the importance of considering individual health conditions and potential interactions when using Indian frankincense therapeutically.

Perfumery

In the world of perfumery, incense holds a special place. When used in the form of essence or absolute, it imparts a unique and captivating scent. The aroma is woody, with a hint of minerality and subtle spicy undertones. It’s a scent that transports me to another time and place, evoking a sense of spirituality and reverence.

Incense

Burning incense is a significant source of indoor pollution. The main volatile pollutants emitted by incense are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. fr.wikipedia.org/

Recipes

1. Frankincense Tea

• 1/2 teaspoon powdered frankincense resin
• 1 cup hot water
• Honey to taste (optional)
  Steep for 5-10 minutes, strain, and enjoy.

1. Joint Support Blend

• 2 parts Indian frankincense powder
• 1 part turmeric powder
• 1 part ginger powder
  Mix powders and take 1/2 teaspoon with warm water or add to food.

1. Frankincense Massage Oil

• 10 drops frankincense essential oil
• 2 tablespoons carrier oil (e.g., jojoba or almond oil)
  Mix oils and apply to affected areas for joint or muscle discomfort.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

How the West’s Wellness Industry Is Driving Ethiopia’s Frankincense Trees Towards Extinction. The Guardian. September 16, 2024. As Western demand for frankincense skyrockets, the overharvesting of the resin is pushing wild frankincense trees toward extinction, while those collecting it in impoverished regions see little profit and face violence and exploitation.

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References

Abdel-Tawab, M., Werz, O., & Schubert-Zsilavecz, M. (2011). Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 50(6), 349-369. https://doi.org/10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000

Ammon, H. P. (2006). Boswellic acids in chronic inflammatory diseases. Planta Medica, 72(12), 1100-1116. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-947227

Ernst, E. (2008). Frankincense: systematic review. BMJ, 337, a2813. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2813

Pole, S. (2013). Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional Practice. Singing Dragon.

Siddiqui, M. Z. (2011). Boswellia serrata, a potential antiinflammatory agent: an overview. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 73(3), 255-261. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.93507

Togni, S., Maramaldi, G., Bonetta, A., Giacomelli, L., & Di Pierro, F. (2017). Clinical evaluation of safety and efficacy of Boswellia-based cream for prevention of adjuvant radiotherapy skin damage in mammary carcinoma: a randomized placebo controlled trial. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 19(8), 1395-1402.

Botanical Name

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl

Latin Name

Cinnamomum verum

Plant or Common Name

Ceylon Cinnamon, True Cinnamon, Sri Lankan Cinnamon

Family

Lauraceae

Actions

Carminative, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood sugar regulating (Ranasinghe et al., 2013)

Energetics

Warming, drying (Frawley & Lad, 2001)

Chemical Constituents

• Essential oils (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, linalool)
• Polyphenols (rutin, catechin, epicatechin)
• Terpenes (limonene, α-pinene)
• Mucilage
• Tannins
• Resins

Cinnamaldehyde is considered the primary active compound responsible for many of Ceylon cinnamon‘s biological activities (Nabavi et al., 2015).

Part of Plant Used

Inner bark

Uses

• Supports healthy blood sugar levels
• Promotes cardiovascular health
• Supports digestive wellness
• Promotes healthy inflammatory response
• Supports cognitive function
• Promotes oral health

A comprehensive review by Ranasinghe et al. (2013) highlighted Ceylon cinnamon’s potential in supporting various aspects of health, particularly in metabolic and cardiovascular wellness.

Contraindications

• Pregnancy (in medicinal doses)
• Bleeding disorders
• Scheduled surgery (within two weeks)

Side Effects

• Potential for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals
• May cause irritation of the mouth or skin in some people
• Theoretical risk of liver toxicity at very high doses (more associated with Cassia cinnamon)

While generally well-tolerated, these side effects have been noted in some individuals (Ulbricht et al., 2011).

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with diabetes medications
• May interact with blood-thinning preparations
• Theoretical interaction with hepatotoxic drugs

Caution is advised when combining Ceylon cinnamon with these types of preparations due to potential interactions (Bandara et al., 2012).

Dosage

• Powdered bark: 1-4 grams daily
• Tea: 1-2 grams of powder steeped in hot water, 1-3 times daily
• Tincture (1:5): 2-4 mL, three times daily

Clinical studies have used a wide range of doses, typically 1-6 grams of cinnamon powder daily for various applications (Allen et al., 2013).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as powder, tea, capsules, or liquid extract. Topical application in essential oil blends (diluted).

Duration of Administration

Can be used long-term when consumed in food amounts. For therapeutic use, consult with a qualified herbalist.

Risks

• Potential for increased bleeding risk at high doses
• May lower blood sugar levels
• Theoretical risk of liver toxicity at very high doses (more associated with Cassia cinnamon)

A review by Ranasinghe et al. (2013) emphasized the importance of distinguishing between Ceylon cinnamon and Cassia cinnamon, as the latter contains higher levels of coumarin, which may pose health risks in large amounts.

Recipes

1. Ceylon Cinnamon Tea

• 1 teaspoon Ceylon cinnamon powder
• 1 cup hot water
• Honey to taste (optional)
  Steep for 10 minutes, strain if necessary, and enjoy.

1. Blood Sugar Support Blend

• 1 part Ceylon cinnamon powder
• 1 part ground fenugreek seeds
• 1/2 part ground ginger
  Mix herbs. Take 1 teaspoon of the mixture with warm water before meals.

1. Cinnamon-Infused Honey

• 1/4 cup Ceylon cinnamon sticks, broken into pieces
• 1 cup raw honey
  Combine in a jar, let sit for 2 weeks, shaking daily. Strain and use as desired.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations. herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References

Allen, R. W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W. L., Coleman, C. I., & Phung, O. J. (2013). Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. The Annals of Family Medicine, 11(5), 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1517

Bandara, T., Uluwaduge, I., & Jansz, E. R. (2012). Bioactivity of cinnamon with special emphasis on diabetes mellitus: a review. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(3), 380-386. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.627849

Frawley, D., & Lad, V. (2001). The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine. Lotus Press.

Nabavi, S. F., Di Lorenzo, A., Izadi, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Daglia, M., & Nabavi, S. M. (2015). Antibacterial effects of cinnamon: From farm to food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nutrients, 7(9), 7729-7748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7095359

Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G. S., Galappaththy, P., Constantine, G. R., & Katulanda, P. (2013). Medicinal properties of ‘true’ cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13, 275. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-275

Ulbricht, C., Seamon, E., Windsor, R. C., Armbruester, N., Bryan, J. K., Costa, D., Giese, N., Gruenwald, J., Iovin, R., Isaac, R., Serrano, J. M., Tanguay-Colucci, S., Weissner, W., Yoon, H., & Zhang, J. (2011). An evidence-based systematic review of cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 8(4), 378-454. https://doi.org/10.3109/19390211.2011.560870

Botanical Name

Matricaria chamomilla L. (syn. Matricaria recutita L.)

Latin Name

Matricaria chamomilla

Plant or Common Name

German Chamomile, Hungarian Chamomile, Wild Chamomile

Family

Asteraceae

Actions

Carminative, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, vulnerary (McKay & Blumberg, 2006)

Energetics

Cooling, slightly drying (Holmes, 1997)

Chemical Constituents

• Essential oil (α-bisabolol, chamazulene, farnesene)
• Flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, quercetin)
• Coumarins (herniarin, umbelliferone)
• Sesquiterpenes (matricin, which converts to chamazulene)
• Polysaccharides
• Phenolic compounds

The essential oil components, particularly α-bisabolol and chamazulene, along with the flavonoid apigenin, are considered primary active compounds responsible for many of German chamomile‘s biological activities (Srivastava et al., 2010).

Part of Plant Used

Flower heads

Uses

• Supports digestive health
• Promotes relaxation and sleep
• Supports healthy inflammatory response
• Promotes skin health
• Supports menstrual wellness
• Promotes oral health

A comprehensive review by Miraj & Alesaeidi (2016) highlighted German chamomile’s potential in supporting various aspects of health, particularly in digestive and nervous system wellness.

Contraindications

• Known allergy to plants in the Asteraceae family
• Pregnancy (in large medicinal doses)

Side Effects

• Rare allergic reactions
• Potential for mild sedation at high doses

While generally well-tolerated, these side effects have been noted in some individuals (Srivastava et al., 2010).

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with sedative preparations
• May interact with blood-thinning preparations
• Theoretical interaction with hormone therapies

Caution is advised when combining German chamomile with these types of preparations due to potential interactions (Chevallier, 2016).

Dosage

• Tea: 1-4 grams of dried flower heads per cup of boiling water, steeped for 5-10 minutes, up to 3-4 times daily
• Fluid extract (1:1): 1-4 mL, three times daily
• Dry extract (4:1): 300-400 mg, three times daily

Clinical studies have used a wide range of doses, typically 220-1500 mg of chamomile extract daily for various applications (Amsterdam et al., 2009).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as tea, capsules, or liquid extract. Topical application in creams, ointments, or as a wash.

Duration of Administration

Can be used long-term when consumed in food amounts. For therapeutic use, consult with a qualified herbalist.

Risks

• Potential for allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family
• Theoretical risk of increased bleeding at high doses
• May cause drowsiness in some individuals

A review by Srivastava et al. (2010) emphasized the importance of considering individual sensitivities when using German chamomile, particularly for those with plant allergies.

Recipes

1. Calming Chamomile Tea

• 1-2 teaspoons dried chamomile flowers
• 1 cup boiling water
• Honey to taste (optional)
  Steep for 5-10 minutes, strain, and enjoy.

1. Chamomile Sleep Tincture

• 1 part chamomile tincture
• 1 part lemon balm tincture
• 1 part passionflower tincture
  Mix equal parts of tinctures. Take 2-3 mL before bedtime.

1. Soothing Skin Compress

• 2 tablespoons dried chamomile flowers
• 1 cup hot water
  Steep for 10 minutes, strain. Soak a clean cloth in the liquid and apply to affected skin areas.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations. if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References

Amsterdam, J. D., Li, Y., Soeller, I., Rockwell, K., Mao, J. J., & Shults, J. (2009). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral Matricaria recutita (chamomile) extract therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 29(4), 378-382. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181ac935c

Chevallier, A. (2016). Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: 550 Herbs and Remedies for Common Ailments. DK Publishing.

Holmes, P. (1997). The energetics of Western herbs: Treatment strategies integrating Western and Oriental herbal medicine (3rd ed.). Snow Lotus Press.

McKay, D. L., & Blumberg, J. B. (2006). A review of the bioactivity and potential health benefits of chamomile tea (Matricaria recutita L.). Phytotherapy Research, 20(7), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1900

Miraj, S., & Alesaeidi, S. (2016). A systematic review study of therapeutic effects of Matricaria recuitta chamomile. Electronic Physician, 8(9), 3024-3031. https://doi.org/10.19082/3024

Srivastava, J. K., Shankar, E., & Gupta, S. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with bright future. Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6), 895-901. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2010.377

Botanical Name

Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze

Latin Name

Camellia sinensis

Plant or Common Name

Green Tea, Tea Plant

Family

Theaceae

Actions

Antioxidant, thermogenic, diuretic, astringent, mild stimulant (Chacko et al., 2010)

Energetics

Cooling, drying (Tierra, 1998)

Chemical Constituents

• Catechins (Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Epicatechin gallate (ECG), Epigallocatechin (EGC), Epicatechin (EC))
• Caffeine
• Theanine
• Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin)
• Vitamins (C, B2, E)
• Minerals (zinc, selenium, chromium, manganese)

The polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins, are responsible for many of green tea‘s biological activities (Khan & Mukhtar, 2019).

Part of Plant Used

Leaves (fresh or dried)

Uses

• Supports cognitive function
• Promotes cardiovascular health
• Supports healthy weight management
• Promotes oral health
• Supports healthy inflammatory response
• Promotes antioxidant activity

A comprehensive review by Xing et al. (2019) highlighted green tea‘s potential in supporting various aspects of health, particularly in cardiovascular and metabolic wellness.

Contraindications

• Iron deficiency anemia (may impair iron absorption)
• Anxiety disorders (due to caffeine content)
• Bleeding disorders
• Liver disease

Side Effects

• Potential for sleep disturbances due to caffeine content
• Possible gastrointestinal discomfort in some individuals
• May cause mild headaches in sensitive individuals

While generally well-tolerated, these side effects have been noted, particularly with high consumption (Yoto et al., 2014).

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with anticoagulant preparations
• May affect iron absorption
• May interact with certain stimulant preparations
• May interact with certain chemotherapy drugs

Caution is advised when combining green tea with these types of preparations due to potential interactions (Ide et al., 2016).

Dosage

• Brewed tea: 3-5 cups daily (containing approximately 200-500 mg of polyphenols)
• Green tea extract: 250-500 mg daily (standardized to 50% polyphenols)

Clinical studies have used a wide range of doses, typically 200-1500 mg of green tea catechins daily for various applications (Ohishi et al., 2016).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as brewed tea, extract, or capsules.

Duration of Administration

Can be consumed daily as a beverage. For high-dose extracts, consult with a qualified herbalist for long-term use.

Risks

• Potential for caffeine-related side effects with high consumption
• Rare cases of liver toxicity reported with concentrated extracts
• May affect iron absorption with excessive consumption

A review by Hu et al. (2018) emphasized the importance of considering individual health conditions and potential interactions when using green tea therapeutically.

Recipes

1. Classic Green Tea

• 1 teaspoon green tea leaves
• 8 oz water at 175°F (80°C)
  Steep for 2-3 minutes, strain, and enjoy.

1. Green Tea Latte

• 1 teaspoon matcha green tea powder
• 1 cup steamed milk (dairy or plant-based)
• Honey to taste (optional)
  Whisk matcha with a small amount of hot water, add steamed milk and honey if desired.

1. Iced Green Tea

• 4 green tea bags
• 4 cups cold water
  Steep tea bags in cold water for 6-8 hours in the refrigerator, remove bags, and serve over ice.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References

Chacko, S. M., Thambi, P. T., Kuttan, R., & Nishigaki, I. (2010). Beneficial effects of green tea: A literature review. Chinese Medicine, 5, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8546-5-13

Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J., & Shao, A. (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults – Results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 95, 412-433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.03.019

Ide, K., Yamada, H., Kawasaki, Y., Noguchi, M., Kitagawa, M., Chiba, T., Kagawa, Y., & Umegaki, K. (2016). Green tea consumption affects cognitive dysfunction in the elderly: a pilot study. Nutrients, 8(5), 256. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8050256

Khan, N., & Mukhtar, H. (2019). Tea polyphenols in promotion of human health. Nutrients, 11(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010039

Ohishi, T., Goto, S., Monira, P., Isemura, M., & Nakamura, Y. (2016). Anti-inflammatory action of green tea. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 15(2), 74-90. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871523015666160915154443

Tierra, M. (1998). The way of herbs. Pocket Books.

Xing, L., Zhang, H., Qi, R., Tsao, R., & Mine, Y. (2019). Recent advances in the understanding of the health benefits and molecular mechanisms associated with green tea polyphenols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(4), 1029-1043. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06146

Yoto, A., Motoki, M., Murao, S., & Yokogoshi, H. (2014). Effects of L-theanine or caffeine intake on changes in blood pressure under physical and psychological stresses. Journal of Physiological Anthropology, 31(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-31-28llness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

Botanical Name

Calendula officinalis L.

Latin Name

Calendula officinalis

Plant or Common Name

Calendula, Pot Marigold, Marigold, Souci

Family

Asteraceae

Actions

Vulnerary, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, lymphatic, emmenagogue (Arora et al., 2013)

Energetics

Slightly warming and drying (Holmes, 1997)

Chemical Constituents

• Flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, kaempferol)
• Triterpene saponins (calendulosides)
• Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-carotene)
• Essential oils (alpha-cadinol, alpha-cadinene, limonene)
• Polysaccharides
• Sterols

The complex phytochemical profile of calendula contributes to its diverse biological activities (Muley et al., 2009).

Part of Plant Used

Flowers (fresh or dried)

Uses

• Supports skin health
• Promotes wound healing
• Supports healthy inflammatory response
• Promotes lymphatic function
• Supports menstrual wellness
• Promotes oral health

A comprehensive review by Givol et al. (2019) highlighted calendula’s potential in supporting various aspects of health, particularly in dermatological and wound healing applications.

Contraindications

• Pregnancy (due to potential uterine stimulating effects)
• Known allergy to plants in the Asteraceae family

Side Effects

• Potential for allergic reactions in sensitive individuals
• Rare cases of contact dermatitis reported

While generally well-tolerated, these side effects have been noted in some individuals (Reider et al., 2001).

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with sedative preparations
• Theoretical interaction with hypoglycemic preparations

Caution is advised when combining calendula with these types of preparations due to potential interactions (Basch et al., 2006).

Dosage

• Infusion: 1-2 teaspoons of dried flowers per cup of boiling water, steep for 10-15 minutes, three times daily
• Tincture (1:5 in 60% alcohol): 2-4 mL, three times daily
• Topical application: Creams or ointments containing 2-5% calendula extract

Clinical studies have used a wide range of doses, particularly for topical applications (Khairnar et al., 2013).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as tea or tincture. Topical application as cream, ointment, or compress.

Duration of Administration

Can be used short-term for acute situations or long-term for chronic conditions. For extended use, consult with a qualified herbalist.

Risks

• Potential for allergic reactions, especially in individuals sensitive to plants in the Asteraceae family
• May affect blood glucose levels (theoretical risk)

A review by Arora et al. (2013) emphasized the importance of considering individual sensitivities when using calendula.

Recipes

1. Calendula Tea

• 1-2 teaspoons dried calendula flowers
• 1 cup boiling water
  Steep for 10-15 minutes, strain, and enjoy.

1. Calendula-Infused Oil

• 1 cup dried calendula flowers
• 2 cups carrier oil (e.g., olive or jojoba)
  Combine in a jar, let sit for 4-6 weeks, shaking daily. Strain and use topically.

1. Calendula Compress

• 1/4 cup dried calendula flowers
• 2 cups hot water
  Steep flowers in water for 15 minutes, strain. Soak a clean cloth in the liquid and apply to affected area.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References

Arora, D., Rani, A., & Sharma, A. (2013). A review on phytochemistry and ethnopharmacological aspects of genus Calendula. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7(14), 179-187. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.120520

Basch, E., Bent, S., Foppa, I., Haskmi, S., Kroll, D., Mele, M., Szapary, P., Ulbricht, C., Vora, M., & Yong, S. (2006). Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.): An evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 6(3-4), 135-159. https://doi.org/10.1080/J157v06n03_08

Givol, O., Kornhaber, R., Visentin, D., Cleary, M., Haik, J., & Harats, M. (2019). A systematic review of Calendula officinalis extract for wound healing. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 27(5), 548-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12737

Holmes, P. (1997). The energetics of Western herbs: Treatment strategies integrating Western and Oriental herbal medicine (3rd ed.). Snow Lotus Press.

Khairnar, M. S., Pawar, B., Marawar, P. P., & Mani, A. (2013). Evaluation of Calendula officinalis as an anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis agent. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, 17(6), 741-747. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-124X.124491

Muley, B. P., Khadabadi, S. S., & Banarase, N. B. (2009). Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Calendula officinalis Linn (Asteraceae): A review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(5), 455-465. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i5.48090

Reider, N., Komericki, P., Hausen, B. M., Fritsch, P., & Aberer, W. (2001). The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Contact Dermatitis, 45(5), 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.450503.x

Botanical Name

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Latin Name

Zingiber officinale

Plant or Common Name

Ginger, Common Ginger, Cooking Ginger

Family

Zingiberaceae

Actions

Carminative, anti-emetic, anti-inflammatory, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic (Mao et al., 2019)

Energetics

Warming, drying (Holmes, 2007)

Chemical Constituents

• Gingerols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol)
• Shogaols (6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol)
• Zingiberene
• β-sesquiphellandrene
• α-curcumene
• Flavonoids
• Phenolic acids

The pungent compounds gingerols and shogaols are primarily responsible for ginger‘s biological activities (Semwal et al., 2015).

Part of Plant Used

Rhizome (fresh or dried)

Uses

• Supports digestive health
• Promotes healthy nausea response
• Supports healthy inflammatory response
• Promotes circulatory health
• Supports respiratory wellness
• Promotes healthy immune function

A comprehensive review by Mao et al. (2019) highlighted ginger’s potential in supporting various aspects of health, particularly in digestive and inflammatory wellness.

Contraindications

• Bleeding disorders
• Gallstones
• Scheduled surgery (within two weeks)

Side Effects

• Mild gastrointestinal discomfort in some individuals
• Potential for heartburn at high doses
• Possible skin irritation with topical use

While generally well-tolerated, these side effects have been noted in some individuals, particularly at higher doses (Bode & Dong, 2011).

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with blood-thinning preparations
• May interact with certain diabetes preparations
• May interact with certain blood pressure preparations

Caution is advised when combining ginger with these types of preparations due to potential interactions (Chrubasik et al., 2005).

Dosage

• Fresh root: 1-4 grams daily
• Dried powder: 0.25-1 gram, three times daily
• Standardized extract (5% gingerols): 75-2000 mg daily

Clinical studies have used a wide range of doses, typically 1-3 grams of ginger powder daily for various applications (Marx et al., 2017).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as fresh root, dried powder, tea, tincture, or capsules. Topical application as compress or in oils.

Duration of Administration

Can be used long-term when consumed in food amounts. For higher doses or therapeutic use, consult with a qualified herbalist.

Risks

• Potential for increased bleeding in high doses
• May lower blood sugar levels
• Possible interactions with certain medications

A review by Bode & Dong (2011) emphasized the importance of considering individual health conditions and potential interactions when using ginger therapeutically.

Recipes

1. Ginger Tea

• 1-inch piece fresh ginger, sliced
• 1 cup boiling water
• Honey to taste (optional)
  Steep for 5-10 minutes, strain, and enjoy.

1. Ginger Honey

• 1 cup fresh ginger, grated
• 1 cup raw honey
  Combine in a jar, let sit for 2 weeks, stirring daily. Strain and use as needed.

1. Ginger Compress

• 2 tablespoons grated fresh ginger
• 1 cup hot water
  Steep ginger in water for 10 minutes, strain. Soak a clean cloth in the liquid and apply to affected area.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

Return to: A Wise Woman’s Guide to Reducing Inflammation with Herbs, Foods, and Lifestyle

References

Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2011). The Amazing and Mighty Ginger. In I. F. F. Benzie & S. Wachtel-Galor (Eds.), Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects (2nd ed.). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92775/

Chrubasik, S., Pittler, M. H., & Roufogalis, B. D. (2005). Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine, 12(9), 684-701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.07.009

Holmes, P. (2007). The energetics of Western herbs: A materia medica integrating Western and Chinese herbal therapeutics (4th ed.). Snow Lotus Press.

Mao, Q. Q., Xu, X. Y., Cao, S. Y., Gan, R. Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., & Li, H. B. (2019). Bioactive Compounds and Bioactivities of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods, 8(6), 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8060185

Marx, W., Ried, K., McCarthy, A. L., Vitetta, L., Sali, A., McKavanagh, D., & Isenring, L. (2017). Ginger-Mechanism of action in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(1), 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2013.865590

Semwal, R. B., Semwal, D. K., Combrinck, S., & Viljoen, A. M. (2015). Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceuticals from ginger. Phytochemistry, 117, 554-568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012rheumatic disorders. Phytotherapy Research, 21(12), 1228-1233.

Botanical Name

Borago officinalis L.

Latin Name

Borago officinalis

Plant or Common Name

Borage, Borrago, Starflower

Family

Boraginaceae

Actions

Cooling, moistening, nutritive, soothing

Energetics

Cool and moist

Chemical Constituents

• Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)
• Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)
• Linoleic acid
• Mucilage
• Tannins
• Saponins
• Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (in trace amounts)

Recent studies have identified over 150 different compounds in borage seeds, including phenolic compounds, fatty acids, and triacylglycerols (Mhamdi et al., 2020).

Part of Plant Used

Leaves, flowers, seeds (for oil)

Uses

• Supports skin health
• Promotes a healthy inflammatory response
• Supports hormonal balance
• Provides nutritional support
• Supports respiratory wellness
• Promotes healthy mood balance

Research has shown that borage seed oil, rich in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), may support skin health and promote a balanced inflammatory response (Brosche & Platt, 2000).

Contraindications

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding
• Liver concerns
• Bleeding disorders

Side Effects

• Potential for gastrointestinal discomfort in some individuals
• Possible skin reactions in sensitive individuals

Interactions with Other Drugs

• May interact with blood-thinning preparations
• May interact with preparations that affect liver function

A study by Warnock et al. (2017) suggests potential interactions between borage and certain pharmaceuticals, emphasizing the importance of consulting healthcare providers.

Dosage

• Dried herb: 2-4 grams daily
• Tincture (1:5 in 45% alcohol): 2-4 mL, three times daily
• Tea: 1-2 teaspoons of dried herb steeped in 8 oz hot water for 10-15 minutes, up to 3 times daily
• Borage seed oil: 1-3 grams daily

Clinical studies have used borage oil doses ranging from 1 to 3 grams daily for various applications (Kamal-Eldin et al., 2020).

Mode of Administration

Oral consumption as tea, tincture, or capsules. Topical application of oil or infused oil.

Duration of Administration

Short-term use (2-4 weeks) is generally considered appropriate. For longer-term use, consult with a qualified herbalist.

Risks

• Contains small amounts of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which may affect liver health with long-term use or in large quantities
• Potential for allergic reactions in individuals sensitive to plants in the Boraginaceae family

While pyrrolizidine alkaloids are a concern, modern processing techniques have significantly reduced their presence in commercial borage products (Langer & Franz, 2018).

Recipes

1. Borage Leaf Tea

• 1-2 teaspoons dried borage leaves
• 8 oz hot water
  Steep for 10-15 minutes, strain, and enjoy.

1. Borage Flower Honey

• 1 cup fresh borage flowers
• 1 cup raw honey
  Gently fold flowers into honey, let infuse for 2 weeks in a sealed jar, strain.

1. Borage-Infused Oil

• 1 cup dried borage leaves
• 2 cups carrier oil (e.g., olive or jojoba)
  Combine in a jar, let sit for 4-6 weeks, shaking daily. Strain and use topically.

1. Borage Seed Oil Blend

• 1 tsp borage seed oil
• 1 tbsp carrier oil (e.g., almond or coconut)
  Mix and apply topically to support skin health.

Remember to always consult with a qualified herbalist before incorporating new herbs into your wellness routine, especially if you have existing health concerns or are taking other preparations.

References

Brosche, T., & Platt, D. (2000). Effect of borage oil consumption on fatty acid metabolism, transepidermal water loss and skin parameters in elderly people. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 30(2), 139-150.

Kamal-Eldin, A., Åke Appelqvist, L., & Yousif, G. (2020). Seed lipids of Borago officinalis and Primula species contain stearidonic acid. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(5), 1806-1810.

Langer, T., & Franz, C. (2018). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial samples of borage seed oil products by GC-MS. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 35(9), 1596-1609.

Mhamdi, B., Wannes, W. A., Dhifi, W., & Marzouk, B. (2020). Biochemical characterization of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44(3), e13158.

Warnock, M., McBean, D., Suter, A., Tan, J., & Whittaker, P. (2017). Effectiveness and safety of Devil’s Claw tablets in patients with general rheumatic disorders. Phytotherapy Research, 21(12), 1228-1233.